try / catch

<?php
try {
  throw new Exception("empty till");
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
}

<?php
function needCity($city) {
  if ($city === "") {
    throw new Exception("city required");
  }
  return $city;
}
try {
  echo needCity("Nairobi"), PHP_EOL;
  echo needCity(""), PHP_EOL;
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo "caught ", $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
}

<?php
try {
  json_decode("{", true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
} catch (JsonException $e) {
  echo "bad json", PHP_EOL;
}

<?php
echo gettype(new Exception("x")), PHP_EOL;